二.论证驳斥部分
first of all， the argument is based on a false analogy. / the arguer simply assumes that… but he does not provide any evidence that … are indeed comparable. / as we know， … differ conspicuously. / it is true that both… but even here exist fundamental differences：… / therefore， even though…proved effective in doing… there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for…// as a result， a and b do not establish a warranted analogy. so we cannot safely assume that (两者无法比)
** the author unfairly assumes that a bears some relation to b. / however， the author provides no evidence to support that this is the case， nor does the author establish a causal relationship between a and b. / it is highly possible that other factors might contribute to the b/change/progress. / for example， … it is also likely b just resulted from … / lacking evidence that links a to b， it is presumptuous to suggest that a was responsible for b. (无法建立必然的因果关系)
** the evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. / one example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. / based on a specific example of… ， it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all… / in fact， in face of such limited evidence， it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. / unless it can be shown that … is representative of all…， the conclusion that… is completely unwarranted. (单个事例不能说明整体问题)
** by concluding that sb must do a or must do b， the author commits a fallacy of “false dilemma”. / the author assumes that a and b are the only available solutions to the problem. / however， it is possible that other factors might also contribute to the problem. for example，… / if so， just doing a and b would not solve the problem. (还有其他原因)
in addition， the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. / even if… ， which is， of course， an unwarranted assumption， it does not follow that… / it is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to b… / for instance，… / besides， the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning… / unless… ， which is unknown from this argument， there is no guarantee that… // without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to b， the author cannot confidently conclude that…(结论得出过早，考虑不周到 )
