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[00:10.11]Hey.
[00:12.84]Welcome to March.
[00:14.03]I'm Carl Azuz and this Tuesday is super.
[00:17.39]This is the day when Americans in 13 states all go to the polls at once.
[00:21.93]And we're going in-depth on Super Tuesday in tomorrow's show.
[00:25.87]In the meantime,
[00:27.13]while voters are helping determine
[00:28.94]who will appear on the presidential ballot this November,
[00:31.07]we've cooked up something special for you on CNN STUDENT NEWS.
[00:34.39]You know that expression "you are what you eat"?
[00:37.20]Well, CNN has a raw ingredients series.
[00:39.22]It looks at how the U.S. food industry has changed,
[00:42.37] how engineering and importing have replaced old fashion growing
[00:45.72]and how consumer demand still factors in to how the industry produces our food.
[00:50.87]Cristina Alesci has gone inside some of America's biggest food companies,
[00:55.50]seeing most people haven't seen before and today,
[00:58.82]we're zooming in on animal feed and how what they eat ultimately makes its way to us.
[01:04.62]I know I'm not supposed to do it, but every once in a while, it's necessary --
[01:09.45]burying my face in the best barbecue I can find.
[01:13.51]Americans eat a lot of meat.
[01:15.90]On average, up to 126 pounds of poultry, beef and poor every year.
[01:23.22]For some, it's more than their own body weight.
[01:25.23]But depending on the animal,
[01:26.84]producing one pound of meat can take two, three, or even six pounds of feed.
[01:32.93]And what some of our livestock is eating are things you've never put in your mouth.
[01:38.84]UNIDENTIFIED MALE: We're going this way.
[01:41.41]ALESCI: This is a hog finishing farm in Iowa.
[01:42.18]It's where pigs get fat.
[01:43.83]Over the course of five to six months, pigs go from 13 pounds to 270 pounds in this room.
[01:52.42](on camera): Why did they get all quiet of a sudden?
[01:57.46]DAVID CALDERWOOD, PORK PRODUCER: They want to hear what I have to say.
[01:58.10]ALESCI: Wow, that's amazing.
[02:00.14](LAUGHTER)
[02:00.73]ALESCI (voice-over): The smell was awful, but, for me,
[02:03.10] the most unsavory part of this process is the one you rarely get to examine closely.
[02:07.47]In fact, it's one of the most opaque corners of the meat industry.
[02:11.62]It's the animal feed itself.
[02:13.22]Most animals grazed in this country eat a secret formula.
[02:18.98]Some elements of the mix are even unknown to the farmer.
[02:21.34]But it's safe to say that includes proteins, fats and in many cases, drugs.
[02:27.32]But the base for much of it is lots and lots of corn.
[02:31.69](on camera): Do you feel like this is what you were born to do?
[02:37.48]ROGER ZYLSTRA, CORN FARMER: I feel this is what God put on the earth for.
[02:41.64]ALESCI (voice-over): Roger Zylstra has been farming corn for more than 30 years.
[02:45.80](on camera): This corn is not corn wheaties.
[02:50.03]ZYLSTRA: No.
[02:50.88]ALESCI: It's not corn I put on my grill.
[02:52.07]ZYLSTRA: No, it is not.
[02:53.00]We grow it as a commodity.
[02:54.97]It really ultimately comes down to economics.
[02:57.64]ALESCI (voice-over): And if it wasn't for the meat industry,
[03:01.84]Roger might have a time staying in business,
[03:04.20]that's because America's livestock are essentially just corn conversion machines.
[03:09.57]First, the corn travels to a storage facility like this one.
[03:13.16]This is one million bushels, or 56 million pounds of corn.
[03:18.96]And that's just the overflow from the massive storage containers.
[03:23.00]We need to hold a whole year's worth of production at one time
[03:27.46] and then it's metered out throughout the remainder of the year.
[03:30.45]ALESCI: Nearly 40 percent of all the corn grown in the U.S. goes to animal feed.
[03:36.22]Rick Weigel makes hog feed.
[03:38.15](on camera): How many ingredients are looking at the end of the day?
[03:41.52]Probably ten to twelve different ingredients in.
[03:43.29]ALESCI (voice-over): That includes pig fat.
[03:45.84]So, yes, the pigs are eating pig fat.
[03:49.54]One of the biggest feed-makers is 250 miles north, Cargill, in Minnesota.
[03:54.92]We believe our purpose here is to be able to feed the world.
[03:59.26]And to feed the world, we've got to find the most efficient way to grow healthy animals.
[04:05.89]We spend a lot of time doing the research to tackle exactly that question.
[04:08.31]ALESCI: Cargill says it can get animals just as fat on half the feed compared to 40 years ago.
[04:14.39]But for many in the industry, it's not just about less feed.
[04:18.25]It's about bigger animals.
[04:21.58]How do you get livestock to explode in size in a few months?
[04:24.54] The industry has a term for it --renderings.
[04:27.94]Animal byproducts like meat and bone meal, leftover grease from restaurants,
[04:33.92]and even meal made from poultry feathers.
[04:36.24]To get a chicken to market weight, it takes between 42 and 48 days.
[04:41.96]I mean, that's amazingly fast.
[04:44.46]ALESCI: Dr. Keeve Nachman investigates
[04:46.84] the impact of industrial food production on public health at Johns Hopkins.
[04:51.31]One of his studies found arsenic in chicken meat.
[04:54.88]It came from a growth promotion drug in feed that has since been suspended by the FDA.
[05:01.04]In another study, Nachman's team found that some chicken feather
[05:05.50] meal contain small amounts of the active drugs in Tylenol, Benadryl and Prozac.
[05:11.61]An industry group rejected the findings, but Nachman stands by it.
[05:17.11]NACHMAN: No matter how they got there, these feathers are destined for use in animals.
[05:19.90]That was surprising and a little troubling to us.
[05:22.20]ALESCI: Some producers even use waste feeding cows and pigs what's known as poultry litter,
[05:28.22] or simply put, chicken poop, which believe it or not is considered a high protein, lower cost feed.
[05:35.60]The FDA proposed banning the practice in 2004 to prevent mad cow disease.
[05:41.75]The FDA decided against the regulation.
[05:44.55]It said the science simply didn't justify the ban.
[05:47.29]The FDA estimates that 1 percent of all chicken poop goes into feed.
[05:53.10]But none of the farmers I interviewed said they used it.
[05:55.50]And there's one more ingredient that's essential to getting growth out of animals.
[06:01.47](on camera): Where are the drugs?
[06:02.91]WEIGEL: They are in the drug room.
[06:06.05]We hand-weigh them out and they're dumped in each batch of feed.
[06:10.26]ALESCI (voice-over): Weigel says the majority of his customers request antibiotics in their feed.
[06:15.93]This is where it comes from.
[06:16.97]We asked Keeve Nachman about the drugs we saw in this room.
[06:20.58]NACHMAN: I did see one drug that has an active ingredient carbadox,
[06:26.39]that has been shown to be carcinogenic and cause birth defects, at least in animals.
[06:31.24]And that drug has been banned in Canada, in the E.U., and in Australia.
[06:36.03]It's still approved for use here.
[06:37.78]ALESCI: But with some restrictions, which Weigel says he follows closely.
[06:44.08]And get this: More than 70 percent of all antibiotics sold in the U.S. are for food production animals.
