中考英语语法:　初中英语语法网络图1

初中英语语法网络图1

一.名词

I. 名词的种类:

专有名词 普通名词

国名.地名.人名,

团体.机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词

个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词

II. 名词的数:

1. 规则名词的复数形式:

名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:

规则 例词

1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days

2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes

3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives

加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs

4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities

5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys

6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes

不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos

两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos

7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos

8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,

2. 不规则名词复数:

英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:

规则 例词

1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice

2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,

3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents

4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff

5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party

6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)

7 表示"某国人" 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans

单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen

8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends

无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches

将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants

III. 名词的所有格:

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加's构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。

1. 's所有格的构成:

单数名词在末尾加's the boy's father, Jack's book, her son-in-law's photo,

复数名词 一般在末尾加' the teachers' room, the twins' mother,

不规则复数名词后加's the children's toys, women's rights,

以s结尾的人名所有格加's或者' Dickens' novels, Charles's job, the Smiths' house

表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加's Japan's and America's problems, Jane's and Mary's bikes

表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加's Japan and America's problems, Jane and Mary's father

表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 the doctor's, the barber's, the tailor's, my uncle's

2. 's所有格的用法:

1 表示时间 today's newspaper, five weeks' holiday

2 表示自然现象 the earth's atmosphere, the tree's branches

3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country's plan, the world's population, China's industry

4 表示工作群体 the ship's crew, majority's view, the team's victory

5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile's journey, five dollars' worth of apples

6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life's time, the play's plot

7 某些固定词组 a bird's eye view, a stone's throw, at one's wit's end(不知所措)

3. of所有格的用法:

用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students

用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed

二.冠词

冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。

I. 不定冠词的用法:

1 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.

2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you.

3 表示"每一"相当于every,one We study eight hours a day.

4 表示"相同"相当于the same We are nearly of an age.

5 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out

That boy is rather a Lei Feng.

6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time

7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.

8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.

II. 定冠词的用法:

1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.

2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean

3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door?

4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar

5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded

6 表示"一家人"或"夫妇" the Greens, the Wangs

7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.

8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French

9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.

10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990's

11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.

12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.

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