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2019年上半年大学英语四级阅读理解：the total pieces
people appear to born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably(坚定地) that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impress accuracy---one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thusmastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second entera second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped----or, as the case might be, bumped into---- concepts that adults take for quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed(说服) into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments(基本原理) of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers-----the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a twoness that applies to any class of objects and is aprerequisite(先决条件) for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table----is itself far from innate.
练习题：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.After children have helped to set the table with impressive accuracy, they ______.
A.are able to help parents serve dishes
B.tend to do more complicated housework
C.are able to figure out the total pieces
D.can enter a second-grade mathematics class
2.It is _____to believe that the quality of water keeps unchanged when it is contained in two different glasses.
A.easy to persuade children
B.hard for most children
C.the innate of most children
D.difficult for both adults and children
3.It can be inferred from the passage that children are likely to _____when they are asked to count all the balls of different colors
A.give the accurate answer
B.count the balls of each color
C.be too confused to do anything
D.make minor mistakes
4.According to this passage,_____is mastered by birth.
A.the ability to survive in a desert island
B.the way of setting tables
C.the basic principles of mathematics
D.the concept of oneness
5.What’s the author‘s attitude towards “children’s numerical skills”?
A.Critical.
B.Approving.
C.Questioning.
D.Objective.
1.[C] 第1段第3句说的是题干内容，由第4句Soon…句中的five knives...等数字可知孩子会数数了,故可直接选出C。
2.[B] 第2段第3句中they refused... to concede...中的they指children,对比题干与原文意思可知孩子们是“难以相信(理解)，故选B。
3.[B] 第2段倒数第3句。文章是以pencils为例进行说明的，题目中换成了balls,但是目的是相同的，都是为了表述儿童更愿意根据颜色的不同来数数，而不愿数总数，故B正确。A、D都没有提到;C的说法过于绝对，与文章表述也不相符。
4.[B] 这道题目需要认真理解了文章的意思才能正确作答。第1段的主题是:有些数字概念是人天生就有的;第2段的主题是:有一些是后天学习获得的。B是第1段中明确给出的例子，因此这个例子应该支持该段的主题。A 错误地理解了第1段最后举的例子。C和D在第2段最后提到,都不是先天获取的数学知识。
5.[D] 考査全文的观点态度。纵观全文可知，作者很客观、如实地说明事实，分两段报告了心理学家的研究结果，并未做出任何评价，故D正确。题目中的children’s numerical skills即全文的主题。
2019年上半年大学英语四级阅读理解：Teenage boys
Teenage boys, regardless of race,are more likely to die from gunshot wounds than from all natural causes combined.
By the time the average American child leaves primary school, he or she will witness 8,000 murders and more than 100,000 acts of violence on television.
Youth are becoming involved in violence at an alarming rate. In fact, the young arrest rate for murder doubled, from 6 arrests per 100,000 youth aged from 10 to 17 to over 12 per 100,000.
The American Psychological Association Commission on Violence and Youth reported on a study of first and second graders in Washington DC:45% said they had witnessed muggings (行凶抢劫),31 % said they had witnessed shootings, and 39% said they had seen dead bodies.
For the many youth who have not been directly exposed to violence in their own communities, the entertainment media (television, movies, music and video games) provides many opportunities for children to see and hear violent exchanges. Research shows that there are about 5-6 violent acts per hour on prime time and 20-25 violent acts on Saturday morning children’s programming. In its report, the American Psychological Association (APA) reported that viewing violence on television hurts children in many ways. In particular, the APA concludes that children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others,be more fearful of the world around them,be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others, and gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry also cautions that children may imitate the violence they observe on television.
Another form of violence involving youth is physical punishment in the schools. This form of discipline still remains legally supported in 23 nations in America. The Office for Civil Rights in the Department of Education reported that 555，000 students were physically punished in the schools during this school year. Although such punishment has been regarded as an effective method of discipline by those who apply it, the findings are obvious that physical punishment does not work and that children who are victims of physical punishment are subject to potential long-term physical and emotional damage.
练习题：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.According to the passage, the American teenage boys，lives are most threatened by ______
A.gun murders
B.natural diseases
C.TV violence
D. physical punishment
2.The author tends to use the fourth paragraph to support the idea that _____
A.many youth have watched much violence on TV
B.youth violence in Washington D.C.is very serious
C.fights may be the most widely-seen youth violence
D.American youth have been exposed to much violence
3.The APA indicates that too much TV violence may change children ______
A.to become separated from the world
B.to remain indifferent to others’ pain
C.to solve problems only by violence
D.to be fearful of aggressive behaviors
4.The passage does NOT discus that many youth become victim of ______
A.murders B.family violence C. TV violence D.school violence
5.The author may most probably agree that physical punishment is _________
A. acceptable, though ineffective
B. illegal，though effective
C. harmful, though legal
D. reasonable, though illegal
1.[A] 事实细节题。本题考查对比处。根据第1段中的more likely…than可知选项A正确，选项B可由此排除。选项C和D虽在文中有提到，但作者并无讨论它们是否危及孩子的生命。
2.[D] 主旨大意题。文章第1和第2段提出话题:小孩接触太多暴力。第3段和第4段讨论小孩遇到的严重暴力，如murder, muggings等，为主题服务，因此本段应支持文章开头提出的话题。本段说明的是现实生活中的暴力，而非电视上的，故选项A不对,选项B和C都只是对本段中某个现象的描述。
3.[B] 推理判断题。本题考査列举处。选项B是对第5段倒数第2句中become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others的近义替换，因此正确。选项A中的isolated并不等同于文中的fearful，也不是因为害怕世界必然带来的结果。选项C中的only过于绝对，文中只说a way。选项D拼凑了原句中的某些词语，但文中并无此意。
4. [B] 主旨大意题。本文结构可分为四部分：第1段和第2段总起，指出论题;第二部分讨论murder等严重暴力;第三部分即第5段讨论TV violence;第四部分即最后一段讨论学校里的体罚，也就是school violence。因此只有选项B没有在文中讨论。
5. [C] 观点态度题。根据最后一段,特别是最后一句，可以推断作者认为体罚不起作用，并对学生身心产生有害的影响，由此可见，作者不认同体罚，因此选项A和D不正确。选项B中的illegal与文中说法相反，因此也不正确。
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